Difference between revisions of "Humane endpoints"

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(Humane endpoints, refinement)
 
(Included the table "Refinement of study specific endpoints and alternatives to death/moribund as endpoint")
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Continuous improvements or refinement is embedded in the directive (EuropeanCommission, 2010) – Article 4.3
 
Continuous improvements or refinement is embedded in the directive (EuropeanCommission, 2010) – Article 4.3
 
''Member States shall ensure refinement of breeding, accommodation and care, and of methods used in procedures, eliminating or reducing to the minimum any possible pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm to the animals.''
 
''Member States shall ensure refinement of breeding, accommodation and care, and of methods used in procedures, eliminating or reducing to the minimum any possible pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm to the animals.''
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 +
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'''Refinement of study specific endpoints and alternatives to death'''/moribund as endpoint
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{| class="wikitable"
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|
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|'''Focus of the Study'''
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|'''Proposed Endpoint'''
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|'''Reference'''
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|-
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| rowspan="3" |'''INFECTIONS, IMMUNE  SYSTEM'''
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| rowspan="3" |Infectious diseases
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|Acute phase responses
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|Olfert, E.D. and D.L. Godson, Humane endpoints for infectious disease  animal models. ILAR J, 2000. 41(2): p. 99-104.
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|-
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|Body Temperature
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|Olfert, E.D. and D.L. Godson, ''Humane endpoints for  infectious disease animal models.'' ILAR J, 2000. '''41'''(2): p. 99-104.
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|-
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|Weight loss
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|Olfert, E.D. and D.L. Godson, ''Humane endpoints for  infectious disease animal models.'' ILAR J, 2000. '''41'''(2): p. 99-104.
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|-
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|
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|Shock  by cecal ligations and puncture (CLP)
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|Observation of Loss of ability to ambulate.
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Body  weight and temperature
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|Nemzek,  J. A., Xiao, H. Y., Minard, A. E., BOLGOS, G. L. & REMICK, D. G. 2004. Humane endpoints in  shock research. ''Shock,'' 21''',''' 17-25.
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|-
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|
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|Rheumatoid arthritis in  rodents
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|Swollen digits, knuckle,  midfoot and ancle/wrist scoring, Ulceration, gait and posture  analysis
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|Hawkins, P., et al., ''Applying refinement  to the use of mice and rats in rheumatoid arthritis research.'' Inflammopharmacology,  2015. '''23'''(4): p. 131-50.
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|-
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| colspan="4" |'''CANCER'''
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|-
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|
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|Early  Cancer detection
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|Ultrasound
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|Wang, L. V.  (2003). Ultrasound-mediated biophotonic imaging: a review of acousto-optical  tomography and photo-acoustic tomography. Disease Markers, 19(2-3), 123–138. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1155/2004/478079</nowiki>
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|-
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|
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|Intracranial Glioma in  rat
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|Body weight algorithm
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|Helgers, S.O.A., et al., ''Body weight algorithm  predicts humane endpoint in an intracranial rat glioma model.'' Sci Rep, 2020. '''10'''(1): p. 9020.
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|-
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|
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|Severe irradiations  studies in NHP
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|Rapid decrease of body  temperature for 3 consecutive days combined with general behaviour score
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|Bertho, J.M., et al., ''Humane endpoints in  severe irradiation experiments using non-human primates: a retrospective  analysis.'' Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science,  2020. '''46'''(1): p. 1-15
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|-
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|
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|Total-Body Irradiation  in Mouse
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|Body weight, temperature  by telemetry
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|Koch, A., et al., ''Establishment of  Early Endpoints in Mouse Total-Body Irradiation Model.'' PLoS One, 2016. '''11'''(8): p. e0161079.
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|-
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|
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|Colon  cancer in rats
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|black feces or presence of fresh blood
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<br />
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|Kobaek-Larsen, Morten, Fenger, Claus,  & Ritskes-Hoitinga, Jelmera. (2004). Secondary effects induced by the colon  carcinogen azoxymethane in BDIX rats. APMIS : Acta Pathologica,  Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica, 112(6), 319–329.  <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2004.apm1120601.x</nowiki>
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|-
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|
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|Experimental  liver metastases
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|Laparoscopy
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|Kobaek-Larsen, M., et al., ''Laparoscopy of rats  with experimental liver metastases: a method to assess new humane endpoints.'' Lab Anim, 2004. '''38'''(2): p. 162-8.
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|-
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|'''CNS'''
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|
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|
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|
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|-
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| rowspan="2" |
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| rowspan="2" |Amyotrophic Lateral  Sclerosis (ALS)
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|Decline in motoric  Function
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|Mead, R.J., et al., ''Optimised and rapid  pre-clinical screening in the SOD1(G93A) transgenic mouse model of  amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).'' PLoS One, 2011. '''6'''(8): p. e23244.
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|-
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|Home cage running  wheel  
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|Bennett, E.J., et al., ''Early detection of  motor dysfunction in the SOD1G93A mouse model of Amyotrophic Lateral  Sclerosis (ALS) using home cage running wheels.'' PLoS One, 2014. '''9'''(9): p. e107918.
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|-
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| colspan="4" |'''TOX testing'''
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|-
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|
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|Alternatives  to LD 50
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|Hypotermiadose50 (HD50) replaces LD50
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|Soothill,  J. S., Morton, D. B. & Ahmad, A. 1992. The HID50 (hypothermia-inducing  dose 50): an alternative to the LD50 for measurement of bacterial virulence. ''Int J Exp Pathol,'' 73''',''' 95-8.
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|-
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| colspan="4" |'''SURGERY'''
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|-
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|
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|Post laparotomy
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|Telemetric recording of heart rate
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|Arras, M., et al., ''Assessment of  post-laparotomy pain in laboratory mice by telemetric recording of heart rate  and heart rate variability.'' BMC Vet Res, 2007. '''3''': p. 16.
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<br />
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|-
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| colspan="4" |'''Other organ systems'''
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|-
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|
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|Murine  model for cholestasis
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|Burrowing activity
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|Zhang, X., et al., ''A rational approach  of early humane endpoint determination in a murine model for cholestasis.'' ALTEX, 2020. '''37'''(2): p. 197-207.
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|-
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|
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|Anti-urolithiasis activity  of test compounds by zinc disc implantation
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|Imaging (X-ray radiographs) of the bladder deposits
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|Singh, P.K., et al., ''Zinc disc  implantation model of urinary bladder calculi and humane endpoints.'' Lab Anim, 2010. '''44'''(3): p. 226-30.
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|}

Revision as of 09:57, 1 February 2021

A broad definition of Humane endpoint is a concept for continuous refinement of animal studies (Hendriksen et al., 2010). This broad definition is aligned with the 3R principles (Balls et al., 1995, EvaluationandRetrospectiveAssessment, 2013, Russell and Burch, 1959).

Continuous improvements or refinement is embedded in the directive (EuropeanCommission, 2010) – Article 4.3 Member States shall ensure refinement of breeding, accommodation and care, and of methods used in procedures, eliminating or reducing to the minimum any possible pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm to the animals.


Refinement of study specific endpoints and alternatives to death/moribund as endpoint

Focus of the Study Proposed Endpoint Reference
INFECTIONS, IMMUNE SYSTEM Infectious diseases


Acute phase responses Olfert, E.D. and D.L. Godson, Humane endpoints for infectious disease animal models. ILAR J, 2000. 41(2): p. 99-104.
Body Temperature Olfert, E.D. and D.L. Godson, Humane endpoints for infectious disease animal models. ILAR J, 2000. 41(2): p. 99-104.
Weight loss Olfert, E.D. and D.L. Godson, Humane endpoints for infectious disease animal models. ILAR J, 2000. 41(2): p. 99-104.
Shock by cecal ligations and puncture (CLP) Observation of Loss of ability to ambulate.

Body weight and temperature

Nemzek, J. A., Xiao, H. Y., Minard, A. E., BOLGOS, G. L. & REMICK, D. G. 2004. Humane endpoints in shock research. Shock, 21, 17-25.
Rheumatoid arthritis in rodents Swollen digits, knuckle, midfoot and ancle/wrist scoring, Ulceration, gait and posture analysis Hawkins, P., et al., Applying refinement to the use of mice and rats in rheumatoid arthritis research. Inflammopharmacology, 2015. 23(4): p. 131-50.
CANCER
Early Cancer detection Ultrasound Wang, L. V. (2003). Ultrasound-mediated biophotonic imaging: a review of acousto-optical tomography and photo-acoustic tomography. Disease Markers, 19(2-3), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1155/2004/478079
Intracranial Glioma in rat Body weight algorithm Helgers, S.O.A., et al., Body weight algorithm predicts humane endpoint in an intracranial rat glioma model. Sci Rep, 2020. 10(1): p. 9020.
Severe irradiations studies in NHP Rapid decrease of body temperature for 3 consecutive days combined with general behaviour score Bertho, J.M., et al., Humane endpoints in severe irradiation experiments using non-human primates: a retrospective analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Laboratory Animal Science, 2020. 46(1): p. 1-15
Total-Body Irradiation in Mouse Body weight, temperature by telemetry Koch, A., et al., Establishment of Early Endpoints in Mouse Total-Body Irradiation Model. PLoS One, 2016. 11(8): p. e0161079.
Colon cancer in rats black feces or presence of fresh blood


Kobaek-Larsen, Morten, Fenger, Claus, & Ritskes-Hoitinga, Jelmera. (2004). Secondary effects induced by the colon carcinogen azoxymethane in BDIX rats. APMIS : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica, 112(6), 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2004.apm1120601.x
Experimental liver metastases Laparoscopy Kobaek-Larsen, M., et al., Laparoscopy of rats with experimental liver metastases: a method to assess new humane endpoints. Lab Anim, 2004. 38(2): p. 162-8.
CNS
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Decline in motoric Function Mead, R.J., et al., Optimised and rapid pre-clinical screening in the SOD1(G93A) transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). PLoS One, 2011. 6(8): p. e23244.
Home cage running wheel   Bennett, E.J., et al., Early detection of motor dysfunction in the SOD1G93A mouse model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) using home cage running wheels. PLoS One, 2014. 9(9): p. e107918.
TOX testing
Alternatives to LD 50 Hypotermiadose50 (HD50) replaces LD50 Soothill, J. S., Morton, D. B. & Ahmad, A. 1992. The HID50 (hypothermia-inducing dose 50): an alternative to the LD50 for measurement of bacterial virulence. Int J Exp Pathol, 73, 95-8.
SURGERY
Post laparotomy Telemetric recording of heart rate Arras, M., et al., Assessment of post-laparotomy pain in laboratory mice by telemetric recording of heart rate and heart rate variability. BMC Vet Res, 2007. 3: p. 16.


Other organ systems
Murine model for cholestasis Burrowing activity Zhang, X., et al., A rational approach of early humane endpoint determination in a murine model for cholestasis. ALTEX, 2020. 37(2): p. 197-207.
Anti-urolithiasis activity of test compounds by zinc disc implantation Imaging (X-ray radiographs) of the bladder deposits Singh, P.K., et al., Zinc disc implantation model of urinary bladder calculi and humane endpoints. Lab Anim, 2010. 44(3): p. 226-30.
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