Facial expression analysis

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The facial expression of animals provides valuable information on their affective state. Pain faces can be analyzed by means of the so-called grimace scales, which consist of different facial action units (e.g. orbital tightening). The intensity of each facial action unit is scored and then all scores are added or averaged. After Dr Jeffrey Mogil and colleagues from the McGill University in Canada had developed a grimace scale to be used to detect acute pain in mice, grimace scales were developed for several other species:


Besides pain, positive affective states can also change the facial expression as demonstrated in rats (Finlayson et al. 2016).

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