Humane endpoints

A broad definition of Humane endpoint is a concept for continuous refinement of animal studies (Hendriksen et al., 2010). This broad definition is aligned with the 3R principles (Balls et al., 1995, EvaluationandRetrospectiveAssessment, 2013, Russell and Burch, 1959).

Continuous improvements or refinement is embedded in the directive (EuropeanCommission, 2010) – Article 4.3 Member States shall ensure refinement of breeding, accommodation and care, and of methods used in procedures, eliminating or reducing to the minimum any possible pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm to the animals.