Humane endpoints - Revision history

AB2019: add a new ref

2023-11-29T06:59:57Z

add a new ref

AB2019: typo

2022-07-14T13:00:58Z

typo

AB2019: add a new reference

2022-07-14T12:49:55Z

add a new reference

AB2019: added one reference

2022-07-11T12:55:38Z

added one reference

AB2019: Added more references and a section on combined endpoints

2022-05-19T08:59:32Z

Added more references and a section on combined endpoints

AB2019: minor editing

2022-02-21T10:58:46Z

minor editing

AB2019: added more references on study specific endpoint

2022-02-21T10:56:40Z

added more references on study specific endpoint

AB2019 at 09:59, 11 March 2021

2021-03-11T09:59:34Z

AB2019: adding a new table

2021-03-11T09:34:36Z

adding a new table

AB2019 at 10:00, 1 February 2021

2021-02-01T10:00:16Z

@@ Line 148: / Line 148: @@
 |Combined Body weight reduction (>0.05 g/day) AND Body Temperature less than 34,5°C measured by s.c implanted temperature probe. - Predicted death in 98% of mice.
 |Hankenson, F. C., Ruskoski et al , 2013. Weight Loss and Reduced Body Temperature Determine Humane Endpoints in a Mouse Model of Ocular Herpesvirus Infection. ''Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science,'' 52''',''' 277-285.
 |-
 | colspan="4" |'''AGING STUDIES'''

@@ Line 157: / Line 157: @@
 |-
+|
-|Care, husbandry and management of aging mice
+|Improve care, husbandry and management of aging mice
 |Enhanced clinical monitoring of age related parameters
 |Wilkinson, Selman, C., McLaughlin, L., Horan, L., Hamilton, L., Gilbert, C., Chadwick, C., & Flynn, J. N. (2019). Progressing the care, husbandry and management of ageing mice used in scientific studies. Laboratory Animals (London), 54(3), 23677219865291–238. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/0023677219865291</nowiki>

@@ Line 153: / Line 153: @@
+|
 |Identify objective criteria that  predict death in aged mice
 |Combined Body weight reduction (>0.05 g/day) AND Body Temperature
 |Trammell, Cox, L., & Toth, L. A. (2012). Markers for Heightened Monitoring, Imminent Death, and Euthanasia in Aged Inbred Mice. Comparative Medicine, 62(3), 172–178.
 |-
 | colspan="4" |'''Literature surveys'''

@@ Line 91: / Line 91: @@
+|
 |Lung Cancer
 |Iincreases in respiratory rate
 |Winn, Hwang, S.-K., Morin, J., Bluette, C. T., Manickam, B., Jiang, Z. K., Giddabasappa, A., Liu, C.-N., & Matthews, K. (2021). Automated monitoring of respiratory rate as a novel humane endpoint: A refinement in mouse metastatic lung cancer models. PloS One, 16(9), e0257694. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257694</nowiki>
 |-
+|
 |Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis
 |Hematuria, Reduced hematocrit, lower final body weight, increase mean drink intake, increased urinary output
 |Oliveira, Nascimento-Gonçalves, E., Silva, J., Oliveira, P. A., Ferreira, R., Antunes, L., Arantes-Rodrigues, R., & Faustino-Rocha, A. I. (2017). Implementation of Humane Endpoints in a Urinary Bladder Carcinogenesis Study in Rats. In Vivo (Athens), 31(6), 1073–1080.
@@ Line 132: / Line 132: @@
 <br />
 |-
-| colspan="4" |'''Other organ systems'''
+| colspan="4" |'''OTHER ORGAN SYSTEMS'''
 |-
+|
@@ Line 148: / Line 148: @@
 |Combined Body weight reduction (>0.05 g/day) AND Body Temperature less than 34,5°C measured by s.c implanted temperature probe. - Predicted death in 98% of mice.
 |Hankenson, F. C., Ruskoski et al , 2013. Weight Loss and Reduced Body Temperature Determine Humane Endpoints in a Mouse Model of Ocular Herpesvirus Infection. ''Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science,'' 52''',''' 277-285.
 |-
 | colspan="4" |'''Literature surveys'''
@@ Line 179: / Line 186: @@
 |}
-== Many or few endpoint criteria ==
+==Many or few endpoint criteria==
 Some authors stress that endpoints can rarely be generalized. Using too many and too general endpoints for scoring is labor intensive. Researchers might be required to evaluate variables that might appear arbitrary or unrelated to the animal’s condition. Compliance may be increased if the measurement of the variables is related to research objectives. Other authors underline that humane endpoint cannot rely on a single variable, suggesting to use a combination of variables and recommend a combination of assessment parameters for a robust welfare assessment in laboratory animals   and early predictor of death. For example, the '''combined reduction''' of '''body weight and body temperature,''' has shown to be a reliable predictor of death in studies including:
-* Nemzek JA, Xiao HY, Minard AE, Bolgos GL, Remick DG. Humane endpoints in shock research. Shock. 2004;21(1):17-25.
+*Nemzek JA, Xiao HY, Minard AE, Bolgos GL, Remick DG. Humane endpoints in shock research. Shock. 2004;21(1):17-25.
-* McGinn R, Fergusson DA, Stewart DJ, Kristof AS, Barron CC, Thebaud B, et al. Surrogate Humane Endpoints in Small Animal Models of Acute Lung Injury: A Modified Delphi Consensus Study of Researchers and Laboratory Animal Veterinarians. Crit Care Med. 2021;49(2):311-23.
+*McGinn R, Fergusson DA, Stewart DJ, Kristof AS, Barron CC, Thebaud B, et al. Surrogate Humane Endpoints in Small Animal Models of Acute Lung Injury: A Modified Delphi Consensus Study of Researchers and Laboratory Animal Veterinarians. Crit Care Med. 2021;49(2):311-23.
-* Zingarelli B. First Do No Harm: A Proposal of an Expert-Guided Framework of Surrogate Humane Endpoints in Preclinical Models of Acute Lung Injury. Crit Care Med. 2021;49(2):373-5.
+*Zingarelli B. First Do No Harm: A Proposal of an Expert-Guided Framework of Surrogate Humane Endpoints in Preclinical Models of Acute Lung Injury. Crit Care Med. 2021;49(2):373-5.
-* Trammell RA, Toth LA. Markers for predicting death as an outcome for mice used in infectious disease research. Comp Med. 2011;61(6):492-8.
+*Trammell RA, Toth LA. Markers for predicting death as an outcome for mice used in infectious disease research. Comp Med. 2011;61(6):492-8.
-* Hendriksen C. Humane endpoints in vaccine potency testing. Procedia in Vaccinology 5 (2011) 2011;5:221 – 6.
+*Hendriksen C. Humane endpoints in vaccine potency testing. Procedia in Vaccinology 5 (2011) 2011;5:221 – 6.
-* Hankenson FC, Ruskoski N, van Saun M, Ying GS, Oh J, Fraser NW. Weight Loss and Reduced Body Temperature Determine Humane Endpoints in a Mouse Model of Ocular Herpesvirus Infection. J Am Assoc Lab Anim. 2013;52(3):277-85.
+*Hankenson FC, Ruskoski N, van Saun M, Ying GS, Oh J, Fraser NW. Weight Loss and Reduced Body Temperature Determine Humane Endpoints in a Mouse Model of Ocular Herpesvirus Infection. J Am Assoc Lab Anim. 2013;52(3):277-85.

@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 |-
+|
+|Vaccine potency testing
+|Reduced temperature AND bodyweight
+|Hendriksen. (2011). Humane endpoints in vaccine potency testing. Procedia in Vaccinology, 5, 221–226. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.provac.2011.10.022</nowiki>
 |-
 | colspan="4" |'''CANCER'''
@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
 |Laparoscopy
 |Kobaek-Larsen, M., et al., ''Laparoscopy of rats  with experimental liver metastases: a method to assess new humane endpoints.'' Lab Anim, 2004. '''38'''(2): p. 162-8.
 |-
 | colspan="4" |'''CNS'''
@@ Line 138: / Line 148: @@
 |Combined Body weight reduction (>0.05 g/day) AND Body Temperature less than 34,5°C measured by s.c implanted temperature probe. - Predicted death in 98% of mice.
 |Hankenson, F. C., Ruskoski et al , 2013. Weight Loss and Reduced Body Temperature Determine Humane Endpoints in a Mouse Model of Ocular Herpesvirus Infection. ''Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science,'' 52''',''' 277-285.
 |}
 '''OTHER OBSERVATION STRATEGIES WITH POTENTIAL TO BE USED FOR DEFINING ENDPOINTS'''
@@ Line 156: / Line 178: @@
+|
 |}

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 |'''Reference'''
 |-
-| rowspan="3" |'''INFECTIONS, IMMUNE  SYSTEM'''
+| colspan="4" |'''INFECTIONS, IMMUNE SYSTEM'''
 | rowspan="3" |Infectious diseases
@@ Line 87: / Line 89: @@
 |Kobaek-Larsen, M., et al., ''Laparoscopy of rats  with experimental liver metastases: a method to assess new humane endpoints.'' Lab Anim, 2004. '''38'''(2): p. 162-8.
 |-
-|'''CNS'''
+| colspan="4" |'''CNS'''
 |-
 | rowspan="2" |

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 |Swollen digits, knuckle,  midfoot and ancle/wrist scoring, Ulceration, gait and posture  analysis
 |Hawkins, P., et al., ''Applying refinement  to the use of mice and rats in rheumatoid arthritis research.'' Inflammopharmacology,  2015. '''23'''(4): p. 131-50.
 |-
 | colspan="4" |'''CANCER'''
@@ Line 84: / Line 99: @@
 |Home cage running  wheel
 |Bennett, E.J., et al., ''Early detection of  motor dysfunction in the SOD1G93A mouse model of Amyotrophic Lateral  Sclerosis (ALS) using home cage running wheels.'' PLoS One, 2014. '''9'''(9): p. e107918.
 |-
 | colspan="4" |'''TOX testing'''
@@ Line 111: / Line 134: @@
 |Imaging (X-ray radiographs) of the bladder deposits
 |Singh, P.K., et al., ''Zinc disc  implantation model of urinary bladder calculi and humane endpoints.'' Lab Anim, 2010. '''44'''(3): p. 226-30.
 |}
 '''OTHER OBSERVATION STRATEGIES WITH POTENTIAL TO BE USED FOR DEFINING ENDPOINTS'''
@@ Line 117: / Line 145: @@
 !In-Tank Underwater Cameras can Refine Monitoring of Laboratory Fish
 !'''Ellis, T; Rimmer, GSE; Parker, S-J; Joiner, Claire; Sebire, Marion, Verner-Jeffreys, David, Lines, Jeffrey'''
-'''2019/05/01, 191, 203, In-Tank Underwater Cameras can Refine Monitoring of Laboratory Fish
+'''2019/05/01, 191, 203, In-Tank Underwater Cameras can Refine Monitoring of Laboratory Fish'''
-DO  - 10.7120/09627286.28.2.191,  Animal Welfare'''
+DO  - 10.7120/09627286.28.2.191,  Animal Welfare
 |-
+|

@@ Line 5: / Line 5: @@
 Continuous improvements or refinement is embedded in the directive 2010/63 (European Commission, 2010)
-* Article 4.3 ''Member States shall ensure refinement of breeding, accommodation and care, and of methods used in procedures, eliminating or reducing to the minimum any possible pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm to the animals.''
+*Article 4.3 ''Member States shall ensure refinement of breeding, accommodation and care, and of methods used in procedures, eliminating or reducing to the minimum any possible pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm to the animals.''
@@ Line 111: / Line 111: @@
 |Imaging (X-ray radiographs) of the bladder deposits
 |Singh, P.K., et al., ''Zinc disc  implantation model of urinary bladder calculi and humane endpoints.'' Lab Anim, 2010. '''44'''(3): p. 226-30.
 |}

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-A broad definition of Humane endpoint is a concept for continuous refinement of animal studies (Hendriksen et al., 2010).
+A broad definition of Humane endpoint is a concept for '''continuous refinement of animal studies''' (Hendriksen et al., 2010).
-This broad definition is aligned with the 3R principles (Balls et al., 1995, EvaluationandRetrospectiveAssessment, 2013, Russell and Burch, 1959).
-Continuous improvements or refinement is embedded in the directive (EuropeanCommission, 2010) – Article 4.3
+Continuous improvements or refinement is embedded in the directive 2010/63 (European Commission, 2010)
 ''Member States shall ensure refinement of breeding, accommodation and care, and of methods used in procedures, eliminating or reducing to the minimum any possible pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm to the animals.''