Forced swim test - Revision history

AS191219: Added 2010/63 Annex VIII reference

2022-07-21T05:05:54Z

Added 2010/63 Annex VIII reference

AS191219: added references

2022-06-21T15:54:34Z

added references

AS191219: added references

2022-06-21T15:11:28Z

added references

AS191219: added references

2022-06-21T15:08:03Z

added references

AS191219 at 08:47, 4 May 2022

2022-05-04T08:47:16Z

AS191219 at 07:27, 4 May 2022

2022-05-04T07:27:04Z

AS191219 at 07:16, 4 May 2022

2022-05-04T07:16:10Z

AS191219: Created page

2022-05-04T07:15:18Z

Created page

New page

Is the use of unescapable electric shocks to induce learned helplessness in rats still used in the UK as a precursor to testing anti-depressants in industry? If so, are there any published refinements to the technique to reduce, or set a limit on the suffering needed to achieve a reliable and validateable effect?

A 2012 paper on using forced swim tests to measure the effects of anti-depressants suggests variable times for the duration of the tests, although 15 minutes seems common. (Slattery,D. Cryan,J. 2012 Using the rat forced swim test to assess anti-depressant like activity in rodents; Nature Protocols 7 1009-1014). Ten years on, is the model still considered reliable, is there an industry standard for duration that is commonly used (or is this dependent on other factors), and are there any recent references for refinements and best practice for conducting FSTs?

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-Professor Clare Stanford has vast experience on the validity of this model. See [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOkTzJjLzpw this recording of an interview] with her and other researchers on the subject of Animal research, antidepressants and the forced swim test. See also:
+According to [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32010L0063#d1e32-76-1 Annex VIII of EU Directive 2010/63, Section III 3(m)], 'forced swim or exercise tests with exhaustion as the end-point' are to be classified as severe procedures.
 *[https://www.lasa.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Forced-Swim-Test-Factsheet-final-002.pdf '''Fact Sheet on the forced swim test'''] from the British Association for Psychopharmacology, Laboratory Animal Science Association, The Physiological Society and Understanding Animal Research.
 *[https://www.lasa.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/LASA_BAP_BNA_ESSWAP_GP_Behavioural_LAS_Nov13.pdf '''Guiding Principles for Behavioural Laboratory Animal Science''']

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 *Sewell ''et al''. (2021): [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273230021001434 Preclinical screening for antidepressant activity - shifting focus away from the Forced Swim Test to the use of translational biomarkers]
 *Trunnell & Carvalho (2021): [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359644621003615 The forced swim test has poor accuracy for identifying novel antidepressants]
 *Nature News (2019): [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02133-2 Depression researchers rethink popular mouse swim tests]
 *Suman ''et al.'' (2018): [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/acta-neuropsychiatrica/article/abs/failure-to-detect-the-action-of-antidepressants-in-the-forced-swim-test-in-swiss-mice/80994A51E7E1FC5861905B60CFA8ED3E Failure to detect the action of antidepressants in the forced swim test in Swiss mice]
 *Flandreau & Toth (2017): [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/7854_2016_65 Animal models of PTSD: a critical review]
 *Molendijk & de Kloek (2015): [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0306453015009014 Immobility in the forced swim test is adaptive and does not reflect depression]

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 '''Further references'''
-* Sewell ''et al''. (2021): [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273230021001434 Preclinical screening for antidepressant activity - shifting focus away from the Forced Swim Test to the use of translational biomarkers]
+*Sewell ''et al''. (2021): [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273230021001434 Preclinical screening for antidepressant activity - shifting focus away from the Forced Swim Test to the use of translational biomarkers]
-* Trunnell & Carvalho (2021): [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359644621003615 The forced swim test has poor accuracy for identifying novel antidepressants]
+*Trunnell & Carvalho (2021): [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359644621003615 The forced swim test has poor accuracy for identifying novel antidepressants]
-* Nature News (2019): [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02133-2 Depression researchers rethink popular mouse swim tests]
+*Nature News (2019): [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02133-2 Depression researchers rethink popular mouse swim tests]
-* Suman ''et al.'' (2018): [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/acta-neuropsychiatrica/article/abs/failure-to-detect-the-action-of-antidepressants-in-the-forced-swim-test-in-swiss-mice/80994A51E7E1FC5861905B60CFA8ED3E Failure to detect the action of antidepressants in the forced swim test in Swiss mice]
+*Suman ''et al.'' (2018): [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/acta-neuropsychiatrica/article/abs/failure-to-detect-the-action-of-antidepressants-in-the-forced-swim-test-in-swiss-mice/80994A51E7E1FC5861905B60CFA8ED3E Failure to detect the action of antidepressants in the forced swim test in Swiss mice]
-* Flandreau & Toth (2017): [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/7854_2016_65 Animal models of PTSD: a critical review]
+*Flandreau & Toth (2017): [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/7854_2016_65 Animal models of PTSD: a critical review]

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:08, 21 June 2022
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	*[https://www.lasa.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Forced-Swim-Test-Factsheet-final-002.pdf '''Fact Sheet on the forced swim test'''] from the British Association for Psychopharmacology, Laboratory Animal Science Association, The Physiological Society and Understanding Animal Research.		*[https://www.lasa.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Forced-Swim-Test-Factsheet-final-002.pdf '''Fact Sheet on the forced swim test'''] from the British Association for Psychopharmacology, Laboratory Animal Science Association, The Physiological Society and Understanding Animal Research.
	*[https://www.lasa.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/LASA_BAP_BNA_ESSWAP_GP_Behavioural_LAS_Nov13.pdf '''Guiding Principles for Behavioural Laboratory Animal Science''']		*[https://www.lasa.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/LASA_BAP_BNA_ESSWAP_GP_Behavioural_LAS_Nov13.pdf '''Guiding Principles for Behavioural Laboratory Animal Science''']
		+
		+
		+	'''Further references'''
		+
		+	* Sewell ''et al''. (2021): [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273230021001434 Preclinical screening for antidepressant activity - shifting focus away from the Forced Swim Test to the use of translational biomarkers]
		+	* Trunnell & Carvalho (2021): [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359644621003615 The forced swim test has poor accuracy for identifying novel antidepressants]
		+	* Nature News (2019): [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02133-2 Depression researchers rethink popular mouse swim tests]
		+	* Suman ''et al.'' (2018): [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/acta-neuropsychiatrica/article/abs/failure-to-detect-the-action-of-antidepressants-in-the-forced-swim-test-in-swiss-mice/80994A51E7E1FC5861905B60CFA8ED3E Failure to detect the action of antidepressants in the forced swim test in Swiss mice]
		+	* Flandreau & Toth (2017): [https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/7854_2016_65 Animal models of PTSD: a critical review]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ''The text on this page is taken from an informal compilation of opinions of contributors to the online VOLE List. As such, they are not peer reviewed and may contain differences of opinion. Those wishing to contact the list may contact [[Adrian Smith]].''
 '''''A 2012 paper on using forced swim tests to measure the effects of anti-depressants suggests variable times for the duration of the tests, although 15 minutes seems common ([https://www.nature.com/articles/nprot.2012.044 Slattery & Cryan: Using the rat forced swim test to assess anti-depressant like activity in rodents]). Ten years on, is the model still considered reliable, is there an industry standard for duration that is commonly used (or is this dependent on other factors), and are there any recent references for refinements and best practice for conducting FSTs?'''''
@@ Line 10: / Line 7: @@
 Professor Clare Stanford has vast experience on the validity of this model. See [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOkTzJjLzpw this recording of an interview] with her and other researchers on the subject of Animal research, antidepressants and the forced swim test. See also:
-* [https://www.lasa.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Forced-Swim-Test-Factsheet-final-002.pdf '''Fact Sheet on the forced swim test'''] from the British Association for Psychopharmacology, Laboratory Animal Science Association, The Physiological Society and Understanding Animal Research.
+*[https://www.lasa.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Forced-Swim-Test-Factsheet-final-002.pdf '''Fact Sheet on the forced swim test'''] from the British Association for Psychopharmacology, Laboratory Animal Science Association, The Physiological Society and Understanding Animal Research.
-* [https://www.lasa.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/LASA_BAP_BNA_ESSWAP_GP_Behavioural_LAS_Nov13.pdf '''Guiding Principles for Behavioural Laboratory Animal Science''']
+*[https://www.lasa.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/LASA_BAP_BNA_ESSWAP_GP_Behavioural_LAS_Nov13.pdf '''Guiding Principles for Behavioural Laboratory Animal Science''']

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:27, 4 May 2022
Line 5:		Line 5:
	'''''Is the use of unescapable electric shocks to induce learned helplessness in rats still used in the UK as a precursor to testing anti-depressants in industry? If so, are there any published refinements to the technique to reduce, or set a limit on the suffering needed to achieve a reliable and validateable effect?'''''		'''''Is the use of unescapable electric shocks to induce learned helplessness in rats still used in the UK as a precursor to testing anti-depressants in industry? If so, are there any published refinements to the technique to reduce, or set a limit on the suffering needed to achieve a reliable and validateable effect?'''''

−	'''''A 2012 paper on using forced swim tests to measure the effects of anti-depressants suggests variable times for the duration of the tests, although 15 minutes seems common. ~~(Slattery,D~~. ~~Cryan,J~~. 2012 Using the rat forced swim test to assess anti-depressant like activity in rodents~~; Nature Protocols 7 1009-1014~~). Ten years on, is the model still considered reliable, is there an industry standard for duration that is commonly used (or is this dependent on other factors), and are there any recent references for refinements and best practice for conducting FSTs?'''''	+	'''''A 2012 paper on using forced swim tests to measure the effects of anti-depressants suggests variable times for the duration of the tests, although 15 minutes seems common ([https://www.nature.com/articles/nprot.2012.044 Slattery & Cryan: Using the rat forced swim test to assess anti-depressant like activity in rodents]). Ten years on, is the model still considered reliable, is there an industry standard for duration that is commonly used (or is this dependent on other factors), and are there any recent references for refinements and best practice for conducting FSTs?'''''
		+
		+
		+	Professor Clare Stanford has vast experience on the validity of this model. See [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOkTzJjLzpw this recording of an interview] with her and other researchers on the subject of Animal research, antidepressants and the forced swim test. See also:
		+
		+	* [https://www.lasa.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Forced-Swim-Test-Factsheet-final-002.pdf '''Fact Sheet on the forced swim test'''] from the British Association for Psychopharmacology, Laboratory Animal Science Association, The Physiological Society and Understanding Animal Research.
		+	* [https://www.lasa.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/LASA_BAP_BNA_ESSWAP_GP_Behavioural_LAS_Nov13.pdf '''Guiding Principles for Behavioural Laboratory Animal Science''']

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:16, 4 May 2022
Line 1:		Line 1:

		+	''The text on this page is taken from an informal compilation of opinions of contributors to the online VOLE List. As such, they are not peer reviewed and may contain differences of opinion. Those wishing to contact the list may contact [[Adrian Smith]].''

−	Is the use of unescapable electric shocks to induce learned helplessness in rats still used in the UK as a precursor to testing anti-depressants in industry? If so, are there any published refinements to the technique to reduce, or set a limit on the suffering needed to achieve a reliable and validateable effect?

−	A 2012 paper on using forced swim tests to measure the effects of anti-depressants suggests variable times for the duration of the tests, although 15 minutes seems common. (Slattery,D. Cryan,J. 2012 Using the rat forced swim test to assess anti-depressant like activity in rodents; Nature Protocols 7 1009-1014). Ten years on, is the model still considered reliable, is there an industry standard for duration that is commonly used (or is this dependent on other factors), and are there any recent references for refinements and best practice for conducting FSTs?	+	'''''Is the use of unescapable electric shocks to induce learned helplessness in rats still used in the UK as a precursor to testing anti-depressants in industry? If so, are there any published refinements to the technique to reduce, or set a limit on the suffering needed to achieve a reliable and validateable effect?'''''
		+
		+	'''''A 2012 paper on using forced swim tests to measure the effects of anti-depressants suggests variable times for the duration of the tests, although 15 minutes seems common. (Slattery,D. Cryan,J. 2012 Using the rat forced swim test to assess anti-depressant like activity in rodents; Nature Protocols 7 1009-1014). Ten years on, is the model still considered reliable, is there an industry standard for duration that is commonly used (or is this dependent on other factors), and are there any recent references for refinements and best practice for conducting FSTs?'''''